Handbook for a Confessor

Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor
Audience priests
Language Old English, some medieval Latin
Date early 11th century
Principal manuscript(s) CCCC MS 201 and MS Cotton Tiberius A.iii
Genre compilation of penitential texts

The title Handbook for a Confessor, or in full, Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor, refers to a compilation of Old English and Latin penitential texts associated with – and possibly authored or adapted by – Wulfstan (II), Archbishop of York (d. 1023).[1] The handbook was intended for the use of parish priests in hearing confession and determining penances. Its transmission in the manuscripts (see below) seems to bear witness to Wulfstan's profound concern with these sacraments and their regulation, an impression which is similarly borne out by his Canons of Edgar, a guide of ecclesiastical law also targeted at priests. The handbook is a derivative work, based largely on earlier representatives of the penitential genre such as the Confessional of Pseudo-Egbert and the Old English Penitential (also called Penitential of Pseudo-Egbert).[2] Nevertheless, a unique quality seems to lie in the more or less systematic way it seeks to integrate various points of concern, including the proper formulae for confession and instructions on the administration of confession, the prescription of penances and their commutation.[3]

Contents

Manuscripts

The original exemplar is lost, but extracts from the handbook survive in six manuscripts, three of which have been identified by scholars as Wulfstan's so-called 'commonplace books', i.e. collections used by Wulfstan for a large variety of purposes.[4]

Contents

The most complete copies of the handbook are represented by CCCC MS 201 and MS Cotton Tiberius A.iii, while the other four manuscripts present a narrower selection of texts.[6] As a whole, the collection contains six texts, one in Latin (I) and five in Old English (II-VI).

For three Old English texts, here numbered III, V and VI, no specific relationship to earlier authorities can be pinpointed, except in individual passages.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wormald, “Archbishop Wulfstan.” p. 10; Heyworth, “Handbook.” pp. 221-2.
  2. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” pp. 12-3; Heyworth, “Handbook.” p. 221.
  3. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” p. 12.
  4. ^ Heyworth, “Handbook.” pp. 218-9. The following overview is based on Fowler, “Handbook.” pp. 1-4 and Heyworth, “Handbook.” p. 218.
  5. ^ Wormald, “Archbishop Wulfstan.” p. 10, describes it as a commonplace book, but this is not universally accepted. Heyworth, “Handbook.” 219-20; Fowler, “Handbook.” p. 4.
  6. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” p. 14
  7. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” p. 13.
  8. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” pp. 10-1 note 18.
  9. ^ Fowler, “Handbook.” p. 3-4.

Edition

Secondary sources

Further reading

External links